Digit span cog lab demo serial#
By manipulating not only the nature of the irrelevant sound sequence but also the likelihood that serial rehearsal will be used to perform the focal recall task, we sought to examine whether children are more susceptible to auditory distraction than adults due to under-developed rehearsal ability or to under-developed attentional control. In this framework, there are two distinct mechanisms of auditory distraction: interference-by-process, in which serial rehearsal processes deployed to perform the recall task are disrupted by the obligatory seriation of a sound sequence (e.g., Jones & Macken, 1993), and attentional diversion in which the sound draws attention away from the task ( Hughes, 2014 Hughes, Vachon, & Jones, 2005, 2007). Interest in the present article centres on developmental differences (children compared to adults) in such auditory distraction (e.g., Elliott, 2002) and the extent to which a duplex-mechanism framework ( Hughes, 2014 Hughes, Vachon, & Jones, 2007) may help in identifying the basis of these differences. It is long established that serial short-term memory is particularly susceptible to disruption by task-irrelevant sound ( Colle & Welsh, 1976 Jones & Macken, 1993 Salamé & Baddeley, 1982). This pattern of results suggests that developmental differences in distraction are due to differences in attentional control rather than serial rehearsal efficiency. In contrast, disruption by a deviant sound-generally assumed to be the result of attentional diversion-was evident among children in all three tasks while adults were less susceptible to this effect. We found that tasks encouraging serial rehearsal were especially affected by changing-state sequences for both age-groups (i.e., the changing-state effect) and there were no group differences in relation to this effect. The disruptive effects of irrelevant sound did not vary across the two methods of determining list-length. Participants either completed tasks in which the to-be-remembered list-length was adjusted to individual digit span or was fixed at one item greater than the average span we observed for the age-group. Tasks that required serial rehearsal (serial and probed-order recall tasks) were contrasted with one that did not (the missing-item task) in the presence of irrelevant sound that was either steady-state (a repeated speech token), changing-state (two alternating speech tokens) and, for the first time with a child sample, could also contain a deviant token (a male-voice token embedded in a sequence otherwise spoken in a female voice). Results of the current study suggest that, particularly if the Wechsler scales are an existing part of the neuropsychological assessment, examination of DS Age SS is an efficient means of detecting negative response bias.Differences in the impact of irrelevant sound on recall performance in children (aged 7–9 years old N = 89) compared to adults (aged 18–22 years old N = 89) were examined. Findings from this retrospective data analysis (N 46) suggest that DS Age SS is preferable for use over Reliable DS in predicting TOMM failure. Digit span variables included DS Age Scaled Score (DS Age SS) and Reliable DS. The relative usefulness of two digit span (DS) variables in detecting negative response bias, as defined by below cut-off performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), was examined among primarily middle-aged military veteran outpatients who were judged clinically to be at increased risk for displaying negative response bias on cognitive testing.
Digit Span Age Scaled Score in Middle-Aged Military Veterans: Is It More Closely Associated with TOMM Failure than Reliable Digit Span? Digit Span Age Scaled Score in Middle-Aged Military Veterans: Is It More Closely Associated with.
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